Passage Narration এর সহজ নিয়ম
Pronouns ( I, we, our, us, he, she, his, her, you, your)
Passage টি ভালভাবে পড়ে আমাদের বুঝে নিতে হবে, কোন বাক্যের বক্তা ও শ্রোতা কে, যে কথাটি বলছে, সে হচ্ছে বক্তা (Speaker) আর যে শুনছে সে শ্রোতা (Listener)। বক্তা ও শ্রোতার উপর নির্ভর করে, Reported Speech (” “ কমার ভেতরের বাক্য) এর Pronoun গুলো পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- “Will you come with me?”, said Pria to Ria. “I will come.” Said Ria. (Direct)
- Pria asked Ria if she would come with her. Ria replied that she would come. (Indirect)
যখন reporting verb sentence-এর মাঝে বা শেষে থাকে তবে একে Indirect করতে তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর পরে বসাতে হবে।
- “Where do you live?”, said Tina. “I live at Dhanmondi.”, said Rina. (Direct)
- Tina asked Rina where she lived. Rina replied that she lived at Dhanmondi. (Indirect)
যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “Yes”থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “Yes”-এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “Yes. I have also done another one.” He said. (Direct)
- I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the affirmative. Or, he said that he had. And he said that he had also done another one. (Indirect)
যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “No” থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb+ not ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “No” এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়। Reported Speech-এ শুধু “No” দেয়া থাকলে Indirect Speech-এর structure হবে “Subject + replied in the negative.” অথবা, “Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not”.
- I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “No. I will do it later.” He said. (Direct)
- I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the negative. Or, he said that he had not. And he said that he would do it later. (Indirect)
- frin said to Fateha, “Are you preparing now?” Fateha said, “No”.
- Afrin asked Fateha if she (F) was preparing then. Fateha replied in the negative.
যখন direct speech-এ “Sir” থাকে, indirect speech “Sir” এর পরিবর্তে with respect/respectfully/ politely ব্যবহার করবে। Direct Speech-এ ‘Sir’ থাকলে Indirect speech-এ “Addressing as Sir” যোগ করতে হবে অথবা, Sir-এর পরিবর্তে “Respectfully” হবে।
- The student said to the teacher,” Sir, will you teach me the math?” (Direct)
- The student asked the teacher respectfully if he would teach him the math. / The student respectfully asked the teacher if he would teach him the math. (Indirect)
- The student said to his teacher, “Sir, I need the answer sheets.”
- Addressing the teacher as Sir, the student said that he needed the answer sheets.
যদি direct speech-এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হয় তবে indirect speech-এ addressing as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- “Are you okay, Tonni?” said Piu. (Direct)
- Addressing as Tonni, Piu asked if she was okay. (Indirect)
যখন reported speech-এ একটি assertive sentence-এর পর note of interrogation (?) থাকে, indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর আগে “being surprised” ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- He said to me, “You did it?” (Direct)
- Being surprised he asked me if I had done it. (Indirect)
যখন reported speech-এ “Thank” থাকে, তখন indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ thanked+ reported verb’s object ব্যবহার করে।
গঠন: Reporting Verb-এর Subject + thanked + Reporting Verb-এর object.”
- Karim said to me, “Thank you.” (Direct)
- Karim thanked me. (Indirect)
যদি reported speech-এ “Good bye” থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ bade+ reported verb’s object+ good bye ব্যবহার করবে।
গঠন: Reporting Verb-এর Subject + bid/bade + Reporting Verb-এর object + good bye.”
- She said Lira, “Goodbye.” (Direct)
- She bade Lira goodbye. (Indirect)
যদি reported speech-এ good night/good morning/ good evening থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ wished+ reported verb’s object+ good night/good morning/ good evening ব্যবহার করবে।
গঠন: reported verb’s subject+ wished+ reported verb’s object+ good night/good morning/ good evening
- He said to her, “Good evening.” (Direct)
- He wished her good evening. (Indirect)
কোন কোনসময় reported speech-এ সম্পূর্ণ sentence থাকেনা, সেসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে indirect speech-এ বক্তার বক্তব্য অনুসরণ করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ অর্থ খুঁজে নিতে হবে।
- “Thirty taka” The salesman said to me. (Direct)
- The salesman told me it had been thirty taka (Indirect)
প্রায়ই reported speech-এ বক্তা ও শ্রোতার উল্লেখ থাকে না, এসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে একে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে the speaker এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে the listener অথবা “The person spoken to” ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- “What are you doing now?” “I am writing an article.” (Direct)
- The speaker asked the listener what he was doing then. The listener replied that s/he was writing an article. (Indirect)
1. “Thank” যুক্ত বাক্যের পরিবর্তন
গঠন: Subject+ thanked+ Object.
- Direct: Rahim said to Imran, “Thank you.”
- Indirect: Rahim thanked Imran.
2. Good-bye এর পরিবর্তন
গঠন: Subject+ bade+ Object+ good-bye.
- Direct: He said to me, “Good-bye.”
- Indirect: He bade me good-bye.
3. Good morning/evening/night এর পরিবর্তন
গঠন: Subject+ wished+ Object+ good morning/evening/night ইত্যাদি।
- Direct: He said to me, “Good morning.”
- Indirect: He wished me good morning.
4. সম্বোধন সূচক শব্দ থাকলে
গঠন: Addressing me/him/her/them as+ সম্বোধন সূচক শব্দ+ Sentence অনুয়াযী গঠন।
- Direct: Rahim said, “Friends, I have read a book.”
- Indirect: Addressing them as friends, Rahim said that he had read a book.
5. একাধিক বাক্য একসাথে হলে
Assertive Sentence:
প্রথম বাক্যে – said/told
দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে – added that/also said that
তৃতীয় বাক্যে – further added that
- Direct: Jamal said to Raihan, “You are very honest. I will trust you forever.”
- Indirect: Jamal said to Raihan that he(R) was very honest and added that he(K) would trust him(R) forever.
Interrogative Sentence:
1. প্রথম বাক্যে – asked
2. দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে – also asked
3. পুনরায় প্রশ্ন করলে – again asked / further asked
- Direct: The teacher said to me, “What is your problem? Are you trying to solve the math?
- Indirect: The teacher asked me what my problem was. He(T) also asked if I was trying to solve the math.
6. By Allah/ By God এর পরিবর্তন
By Allah/ By God এর পরিবর্তে Swearing by Allah বসে
পরের অংশ Sentence অনুযায়ী হয়।
- Direct: By Allah, he said to me, “He will do the work.”
- Indirect: Swearing by Allah, he told me that he would do the work.
Expressions and Others
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Yes |
Replied in the affirmative |
No |
Replied in the negative |
|
Sir/ Madam |
Respectfully |
Please |
Politely |
|
Sorry/ I am sorry |
Apologized |
Sorry to disturb/ Excuse Me |
Seeking and excuse |
|
Well/ Oh I see |
Expressing surprise |
Why? |
Wanted to know the reason |
|
By Allah/ By God/ By my life |
Swearing by Allah |
Friend, sister, brother, father, son, mother |
Addressing as friend (any other) |
Note: কথার প্রেক্ষাপটে মাঝে মধ্যে then এবং প্রশ্নের উত্তরে said that এর জায়গায় replied that ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Direct Speech-এর adverb পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Now |
Then |
Today |
That day |
|
Tomorrow |
The next day |
Yesterday |
The previous day |
|
This |
That |
These |
Those |
|
Here |
There |
Ago |
Before |
|
Tonight |
That night |
Come |
Go |
Passage Narration with Answer
🔹 উদাহরণ:
Question No. 01: Rina said to Sima, “Why don’t you get up early from sleep?” Sima said, “It is tough for me to leave bed early.” “Alas! It is a bad habit,” said Rina, “If you leave bed early, you can enjoy sound health. Follow my advice.” [Dhaka, Sylhet Board-2020]
Answer: Rina asked Sima why she (Sima) did not get up early from sleep. Sima replied that it was tough for her to leave bed early. Rina exclaimed with sorrow that it was a bad habit. She (Rina ) added that if she (Sima) left bed early, she (Sima) could enjoy sound health. She (Rina ) also ordered her (Sima) to follow her (Rina) advice.
Question No. 02: “Where do you like to go sir?” asked the ticket seller. “Cox’s Bazar,” replied the stranger. “How many tickets do you need?” “I will buy five tickets.” “Take these tickets. They will cost three thousand taka,” said the ticket seller. [Dhaka Board-2019]
Answer: The ticket seller respectfully asked the stranger where he (S) liked to go. The stranger replied that he (S) liked to go to Cox’s Bazar. The ticket seller again asked the stranger how many tickets he (S) needed. He (S) replied that he (S) would buy five tickets. The ticket seller told him (S) to take those tickets. He added that they would cost three thousand taka.
Question No. 03: “Why are your children crying, my daughter?” said the Caliph. “They have been starving.” said the woman. “Have you none else in the world?” “My husband died some months ago. He left them neither money nor any property. So, they are in great distress. They have to starve sometimes.” “Oh! Let me see, how I can help you.” said the Caliph.
Answer: The Caliph asked the woman why her children were crying. The woman replied that her children had been starving. When the Caliph asked if she had anyone else in the world, she said that her husband had died a few months ago and had left them with neither money nor any property, so they were in great distress and had to starve sometimes. The Caliph then offered to see how he could help the woman.
Question No. 02: How much do you want?” said the Mayor. “A thousand guilders.” said the pied piper. ” All right,” said the Mayor. “We’ll pay you a thousand guilders. When will you set to work?” “Now,” said the pied piper.
Answer: The Mayor asked the pied piper how much he wanted. The pied piper replied that he wanted a thousand guilders. The Mayor agreed and said that they would pay him a thousand guilders. The Mayor then inquired as to when the pied piper would set to work. The pied piper replied that he would start immediately.
Question No. 02: “Why are your children crying, my daughter?” said the Caliph. “They have been starving.” said the woman. “Have you none else in the world?” “My husband died some months ago. He left them neither money nor any property. So, they are in great distress. They have to starve sometimes.” “Oh! Let me see, how I can help you.” said the Caliph.
Answer: The Caliph asked the woman why her children were crying. The woman replied that her children had been starving. When the Caliph asked if she had anyone else in the world, she said that her husband had died a few months ago and had left them with neither money nor any property, so they were in great distress and had to starve sometimes. The Caliph then offered to see how he could help the woman.
Question No. 02: “You look a little bit like my mother,” he said, “especially in the dark by the fire.” “But you were only four Jerry, when you came here. You have remembered how she looked all these years?” “My mother lives in Manville,” he said.
Answer: Jerry told me that I looked a little bit like his mother especially in the dark by the fire. I told him that he had been only four when he had gone there. Being surprised I asked him if he had remembered how she had looked all those years. He replied that his mother lived in Manville.
Question No. 02: “Where did you go yesterday?” said Lipi. “I went to Chittagong to see my mother,” said Mina. “She has been suffering from high blood pressure.” “Is she sound now?” said Lipi.” “No,” said Mina.
Answer: Lipi asked Mina where she had gone the previous day. Mina replied that she had gone to Chittagong to see her mother. She added that she (her mother) had been suffering from high blood pressure. Lipi asked Mina if she was sound then. Mina replied in the negative.
Question No. 02: “Where are you going?” said the merchant. “I was coming to see you.” “What do you want?” “To earn my bread by the labour of my hands.” “Do you really want work?” said the merchant. “Yes, if you have any”. “Then follow me and carry a box from a shop to my house.” “I do not see how I can do that,” said the youth.
Answer: The merchant asked the youth where he was going. The youth replied that he was going to see him. The merchant asked the youth what he wanted. The merchant again asked the youth if he really wanted work. The youth replied in the affirmative and said that he would really want work if he had any. Then the merchant ordered the youth to follow him and to carry a box from a shop to his house. The youth said that he did not see how he could do that.
Question No. 02: “Have you killed the rates?” said the Mayor. “Yes, I have, said the piper. “Give me the promised money.” “How funny!” said the Mayor, ‘We cannot give you so much money. Take only fifty.’7. “Have you seen your mother, Jerry?” “I see her every summer. She sends for me.” I wanted to cry out. “Why are you not with her? How can she let you go away again?” He said, “She comes up here from Manville whenever she can. She does not have a job now.”
Answer: The Mayor asked the piper if he (p) had killed the rates. The Piper replied in the affirmative that he had. Then he (P) told the Mayor to give him (P) the promised money. The Mayor exclaimed in wonder that it was very funny. He added that they could not give him (P) so much money and told him to take only fifty.
Question No. 02: “Where is my son?” said the grocer. “A crow carried your son away” said the fruit seller. “You liar. How can a crow carry away such a big boy?” “Just the same way as mice can eat away the balance and weights.”
Answer: The grocer asked the fruit seller where his son was. The fruit seller replied that a crow had carried away his son. The grocer called him a liar and asked him how a crow could carry away such a big boy. The fruit seller replied that it happened just in the same way as mice could eat away the balance and weights.
Question No. 02: “Great king of the genies,” called the monster. “I will never disobey you.” Hearing those words, the fisherman became very brave and said, “Tell me why you were locked up in the vase?” The giant angrily looked at the fisherman and said, “Speak to me politely or I shall kill you.” “Why should you kill me?” asked the fisherman.
Answer: The monster called the great king of the genies and said that he would never again disobey him (G). Hearing those words, the fishermen became brave and told the monster to tell him (f) why he (M) had been locked up in the vase. Then the giant angrily looked at him and told the fishermen to speak to him (M) more politely, otherwise, he (M) would kill him (F). The fisherman asked why he would kill him.
Question No. 02: “I’ll pay for it,” he said. “I broke it, I brought the exe down careless.” “But no one hits accurately every time, Jerry. Moreover, the fault was in the wood of the handle. I’ll see the man who I have bought it from,” I told him.
Answer: Jerry said that he would pay for it and added that he had broken it, he had brought the exe down careless. Expressing dissatisfaction I told Jerry that no one hit accurately every time. Moreover, the fault had been in the wood of the handle. I told him that I would see the man who I had bought it from.
Question No. 02: “Have you cut your hair off?” asked Jim. “Cut it off and sold it,” Said Della. “Don’t you like me just as well, anyhow? I’m me without my hair, aren’t I ?”
Answer: Jim asked Della if she had cut her hair off. Della replied that she had cut it off and sold it. She then asked Jim if he didn’t like her just as well, anyhow. She also told him that she was her without her hair. He again asked Jim if she was not.
Question No. 02: “Porter, you may go,” said the mistress of the house laughing, “You have gained your freedom.” “By Allah,” he replied, “I will not leave this house until I have heard the stories of my companions.”
Answer: The mistress of the house told the porter laughing that he might go. She also added that he had gained his freedom. Swearing by Allah, the porter replied that he would not leave that house until he had heard the stories of his companions.
Question No. 02: “Follow my example” she said, as we shook hands “and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.” “I’ll do better than that” I said, “I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight”
Answer: As we shook hands she advised me to follow her example and never to eat more than one thing for luncheon. I said that I would do better than that and added that I would eat nothing for dinner that night.
Question No. 02: “May I come in, sir?” a boy standing at the door said to him. Then without waiting for his reply the boy entered the room and said, “Sir, I have come from Palashpur with a letter from Mr. Ajit Bose.” “Ajit Bose? How is he?” he said smiling. “He is not well. He has been suffering from a serious illness for two years,” the boy said. “How sad it is! May God cure him,” he said.
Answer: A boy standing at the door respectfully asked if he might go in. Then without waiting for his reply the boy entered the room and respectfully said that he had gone from Palashpur with a letter from Mr. Ajit Bose. Being surprised he asked him smiling how he was. The boy replied that he was not well and added that he had been suffering from a serious illness for two years. He exclaimed with sorrow that it was very sad and prayed that God might cure him.
Question No. 02: “Why don’t you attend classes regularly?” the teacher said to the student. “You can’t expect good results unless you attend classes as I tell you”. “I am sorry, sir, I have offended you,” said the student.
Answer: The teacher asked the student why he didn’t attend classes regularly and said that he couldn’t expect good results unless he attended classes as he told him. The student respectfully told him that he was sorry as he had offended him.
Question No. 02: Once I said to a sweet girl, “What’s your mother’s name?” She replied cleverly, “I know my mother’s name but I won’t tell you that.” I said, “What a clever girl you are!” “I don’t tell my mother’s name to anybody whom I don’t know”, she spoke with an air of confidence.
Answer: Once I asked a sweet girl what her mother’s name was. She replied cleverly that she knew her mother’s name but she would not tell me that. I exclaimed with wonder that she was a very clever girl. She spoke with an air of confidence that she didn’t tell her mother’s name to anybody whom she didn’t know.
Answer: A boy standing at the door respectfully asked if he might go in. Then without waiting for his reply the boy entered the room and respectfully said that he had gone from Palashpur with a letter from Mr. Ajit Bose. Being surprised he asked him smiling how he was. The boy replied that he was not well and added that he had been suffering from a serious illness for two years. He exclaimed with sorrow that it was very sad and prayed that God might cure him.